Information technology
Science and technology has driven the world with quicker pace than expected due to the improvement in computers. For any development the need of knowledge and communication channels are very important. Now the technology is assisting in sharing the knowledge. Information technology is emerging as one of the prominent field. Information technology is a modern computer based technology. Information technology is used not only to create information, also to store, manipulate and for distribution too. This mechanism helps in data processing. According to Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), information technology is defined as ?the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer- based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.? Now technical people would like to call it as Information and Communication Technology. This is because electronic communication technology is implicated.
Today, IT professionals have numerous responsibilities to perform such as data management, data base and software design, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, above all they have to manage along with the administrative activities of entire system.
The history of the Information Technology has been divided into four periods :
- Pre Mechanical (3000BC-1450AD).
- Mechanical (1450AD-1840AD).
- Electro Mechanical (1840AD-1970AD).
- Electronic (1970AD-Today)
These periods are categorized with successful breakthroughs. The first economical computer was introduced in the year 1946 which is called Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIC). The general purpose computer was developed in the name of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1940. Before it came into usage Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) came out and became the world?s first commercial computer.
After this, there was a rapid development in the information technology starting from 1969 till today with the continuous development in the features of the computers.
- ARPANET is introduced in 1969, which is funded by the defence.
- First single chip processor was introduced by Intel and named as Intel 4004 in 1971.
- Graphical User Interface and Mouse are experimentally used by The Xerox Paulo Alto Research Center in 1973.
- The first electronic spread sheet program was used in 1979.
- In 1981, IBM introduced first personal computer with operating system developed by Microsoft.
Types of Information Technologies
There are several information technologies that provide different services to the user depending on the need and necessity. Some of the important types of the information technologies are data management, networking, engineering, computer hardware, database software design, management and administration.
Data Management:
Data management is the system that considers and manages the data as valuable resource. ?Data resource management is the development and execution of the architectures, policies, practices and procedures that manages the full data lifecycle requirements of an organization?. This is the official data management definition provided by DAMA.
There are several topics in the data management like analysis of the given data, building the models and architectures depending on the needs, properly organizing the data provided, movement and mining of the data, data ware housing and administration. Then it comes to the role of security and quality assurance.
Networking:
Networking is the process in which the computers are connected to each other or some other external device for data sharing. Networking is done in different process like
Local Area Network (LAN) in which small number of computers in a small area are connected, Wide Area Network (WAN) in which large number of computers in a wide area are connected together. These two systems use co axial copper wires and optical fibers for the transfer of the data. There are wireless technologies like WLAN and WWAN which uses wireless technologies like Internet and bluetooth for the transfer of the data.
Engineering:
Engineering is the subject that deals with the software development and the integration between hardware and software. The first engineering degree program was started in US in the year 1971 in the Case Western Reserve University and by 2004 there were 140 programs in US.
Software Design:
Software design is the primary work of a software engineer which includes the designing and maintenance of the program to get the required output. It includes the modeling and design of the architecture, implementation of the given data and processing the data in order to satisfy the needs of the client.
Management and Administration:
It refers to the management and administration of the system which means maintenance of the hardware requirements, taking care of the network connections. Normally, the basic function of a system administrator will be monitoring the systems, system security, storage management, capacity monitoring etc.
The system administrators work generally will be installing soft wares, monitoring the hardware, connecting the systems, gathering the data in the server, supporting and maintaining the server.
History Of Information Technology
The history of the Information Technology has been divided into four periods
- Pre Mechanical (3000BC-1450AD).
- Mechanical (1450AD-1840AD).
- Electro Mechanical (1840AD-1970AD).
- Electronic (1970AD-Today)
These periods are categorized with successful breakthroughs. The first economical computer was introduced in the year 1946, which is called Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIC). The general purpose computer was developed in the name of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1940. Before it came into usage Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) came out and became the world?s first commercial computer.
After this, there was a rapid development in the information technology starting from 1969 till today with the continuous development in the features of the computers.
- ARPANET is introduced in 1969, which is funded by the defence.
- First single chip processor was introduced by Intel and named as Intel 4004 in 1971.
- Graphical User Interface and Mouse are experimentally used by The Xerox Paulo Alto Research Center in 1973.
- The first electronic spreadsheet program was used in 1979.
- In 1981, IBM introduced first personal computer with operating system developed by Microsoft.
When did it (Information Technology) begin to impact society?
The impact of science and technology on society is very high. The impact created by the information technology is even higher. It revolutionized the structure of the management and nature of competition in many of the industrial sector. IT became one of the important service sector in many countries. In developed countries like USA it amounts to 74% of GDP, 76% of the national employment and also a trade of about $ 52 billions. Generally service sector includes technology-intensive and technically sophisticated firms in banking, insurance, transportation, health care, professional and personal services. IT with its advantages such as less expensive, more portable, better integrated and better embedded in many devices is in a position to reach out quickly. New applications and interactive multimedia systems for business, home entertainment, and communication purpose has enhanced the scope of IT and likely to evolve and also likely to have a profound effect on industry structure, employment and economic growth.
Now a day?s world economy is booming with white ? collar services rather than the blue collar services. The white collar services include research, education, design, accounting, marketing, logistic planning, communication, information management etc. These types of activities are important to the individual service industry. The standard of the living and the competitiveness in the world trade will be determined on how the information technology is deployed and used.
Society is a broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, collective activities and interests. The integration of society and information technology can be seen in two areas, first the institutions and next the collective activities of the society.
IT has influence on the common traditions such as customary pattern of thought, action or behavior and even religious practice or a social custom.
With easy access to information, change is observed not only among people within, but through out the world.
The social attitude of the citizens has also changed tremendously and every one is expecting various elements of that society to be better informed than before. They are getting more information regarding the subject matter of their choice and about the specific product. With the availability of information they are in a position to know about the services of any organizations and even its back ground.
The institutions such as Governments, commercial businesses, News and Media organizations, Educational organizations also have profound influence on the society using the information technology. With the IT development the government is able to give the data easily and the people are able to receive information with out going to the government offices. There is lot of improvement in the e-governance too.
IT also improved defense capabilities by helping government in gathering intelligence information. Information technology has helped commercial business activities by offering different software with advances of computer aided design, spread sheets, word processing software not only helped this branch commercially but also automated their business process. Use of internet and satellite television by News and Media organization is a perfect example of Information and Technology?s success. Education system became even closer to the students with the online studies. Even the researchers are able to make their research with wider source of information with in less time.
What is the impact of technology on:
Individuals
Every individual is a part and parcel of the society. For the development of society proper interaction is also necessary. The IT has enhanced the scope of interaction among the members of the society. Introduction of online debates and online voting helped each individual to become part and parcel of administration system and gave a true meaning to Democracy. People are using emails, chartrooms, blogs etc,. Society is able to distribute information quickly, efficiently and cheaply. Society now expects the creation of new information to be facilitated by these new technologies
Individual?s education became easy with the recent development in IT. Gathering and storing information has become routine.
. Student is able to do online courses for his academic career, getting the online tutors etc. His mode of education has imparted several new technologies with the technical advancements. Now the designing work, architectural work etc, had been automated with the technical advancement.
Information and technology has its mark on Economic reforms as well. In the modern world superior technologies have automated business process there by bringing pace in business activities. Invest management got organized with use of technology. The government has played major role in developing technology in many ways. The US Government invested billions of rupees to develop technology and with aim of making economically sound. Information Technology not only cost effective, it has helped individual to make decisions faster. As decision making has direct impact on profitability, with easy access to all the relevant data. In the due course wastage in terms of time, money and labor has drastically reduced.
Education ? societies:
Success Seen in ED Study: The process of learning has become more advanced after the development of the information technology. Students can use technology to study their subjects clearly, so that they can understand it better. The environment of the classroom becomes richer as students access to different types of technologies. Technology can increase the knowledge and achievement of the student. Students can generate impressive results. There are many positive benefits by applying information technology in the education department. Students can do research on several topics and represent information in many forms. Students become independent learners and self starters by using technology in the classrooms. Education technology has shown a tremendous positive effect on the students. Using online telecommunication skills in the classrooms among different regions helps to improve the academic skills of the students as a whole. By using technology in the field of education, student shows more interest in learning, they become motivated towards the subjects. Education technology includes video discs, internet, tele-communication and online education from other parts of the world. ?The most important technologies such as computers, communications systems, internet, and interactive video disc provide an environment in which problem solving can be developed.?
Impact of information technology on the society
The digital divide is the first step which was considered when reflecting on the social changes coming up with the information technology. There after, it has been held that this information technology is going to produce the differences in the development of society and people. Digital divide is nothing but the gap between people who have effective access to information technology and who do not have the access to it. It?s just the imbalances between the society of people with physical access to technology and also imbalances in the skills needed to have access over the digital and information technology to participate as a digital citizen. Digital divide effects globally also. Global digital divide is the difference between the technology accesses between the countries. There are three types of digital divide ? the first is based on the access, which is difference between the society who can access the technology and those who do not have enough access over the technology. The second point is based on the usage that is the difference between the society who know how to use technology efficiently and those who does not have enough skills to use the technology. The third point is based on the usage quality that is the efficient use of the technology among the two groups of societies who has enough access to the technology and who do not have the enough knowledge about the information technology. The scope of digital divide has been changing from time to time. First, digital divide has shown the difference in the connectivity problems. Later, when the technology was developed, it introduced the importance of skills required to use the information technology. In the way, digital divide is changing day by day and the technology is being developed. Digital divide mainly focuses on the infrastructure, capacity building and resource usage.
The impact of information technology on the society leads to many technological developments which have an influence on every part of the society. The digital divide has tremendous effect on the society. The prominence of the computers, internet and the other developing technologies had a great consequence on the society. It effects on the age, gender, education and income. In some cases, geographical locations and race also plays an important role. The digital divide helps in restructuring the society as a whole. The digital divide shows more development in the countries and societies which have better access opportunities to the technology. This development differs in different ways, it is based on education, gender, income, geographical locations, race, political, social and cultural conditions.For instance, if we take the age factor, there is usually gap between the generations. Every generation feel the gap in one or the other form like difference in clothing, music, style of living etc. few things are dissimilar among the generations, it is because of the amalgamation of the technology. it was seen in a report that about 8 million Americans use the internet, among those 58% of Americans age 50-64, 75% of 30-49 and 77% of 18-29 year old. In High income countries, with 14% of the world?s population, 79% of the people are using the internet. And in south Asia, which is one-fifth of the world?s population, only 0.4% are online. Progress should be made in associating the digital divide between the developed and the developing countries.
?There is a wide and growing information divide between the haves and have-nots,? Katz said.
Consumerism
Consumerism is equating the personal happiness with the purchasing of material possessions and consumption. It is multicultural and non geographical.
Online commerce or e-commerce is nothing but buying and selling goods and services through online services such as Internet. A wide variety of work can be done such as electronic funds transfer, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange, etc. through the e-commerce.
E-Bay phenomenon is nothing but the transaction between individual to individual (I 2 I). Online auction services like e-Bay help in facilitating these kinds of transactions.
Music Industry has also developed a lot due to the advancement of the technology as the cost of equipments has decreased and many new sophisticated instruments have come to the market. Music can be accessed from any part of the World through the Internet or through the Radio and T.V. signals.
Development of Information technology has hastened the progress of the world. It is defined as ?the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer- based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.?
With the advancement and progress of the IT sector it has revolutionized the world in a way by increasing the communications between the people of the world; and also having great impact on service sectors like in banking, insurance, transportation, health care, professional and personal services etc.
It also facilitates the consumerism, as a person can sale any article or good from sitting at any part of the world to any person located at any other part. The distance barrier is brought down due to this progress in the field of IT and Consumerism.
It has tremendous impact on the person?s life as it gives him easier methods to acquire Knowledge, improving the working potential by providing many jobs, as IT has become one the important service sector in many countries. For example, in developed countries like USA it amounts to 74% of GDP.
Future Predictions of IT industry
?The key for the future of the development of the Information Technology is the wireless technology which enables the user to use and access his computer or Internet where ever he is and what ever he is doing?. This is the prediction of four giants in the field of the Information Technology Michel S. Dell of Dell computer Corporation, Jerry Yang, chief of Yahoo, Gerald M. Levin CEO of AOL Time Warner, Inc and Charles B. Wang Chairman of Computer Associates International, Inc during Fortune Global Forum conducted in Hong Kong. They also predicted that there will be a growth in the IT industry even if it is reduced by the sudden burst of dotcom, which damped the IT industry.
The Information Technology in future will be providing every thing an individual will be in need and thus helping him to develop psychologically with the help of the online counseling, round the world relations and also with the recreations like games, hobbies, entertainment, health etc., being at home.
The IT industry is providing a lot of opportunities for the people with knowledge of software or hardware technologies on a wide range and this will be continued. So, there will be a lot of jobs that will be open for the people and also the technology development in the organizations will help in the rapid growth of the organizations in a little span of time.
The future for education will also be bright as the students will be able to get every thing online. By this they will be getting lot of information that will be useful in their education, research and also projects. Internet will become a main source of education.
As a whole we can see the IT is used to store, manipulate, distribute, and create Information.. The major expectation of the society is the ability to distribute the information efficiently, quickly, and cheaply. Now it is also expecting the creation of information using the new technology which is not impossible with IT.
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